水生态功能分区研究中的基本问题

重点流域水生态功能一级二级分区研究是当前我国正在开展的一项重要工作,如何进行科学、合理的分区是值得深入探讨且亟待回答的重要问题。从水生态功能分区与水生态区划的关系、水生生物在分区中的应用、以及如何选取合适的定量分析方法等方面入手,阐述了对分区目的、指标体系和技术方法等关键问题的理解。并建议:(1)统一选用流域水生态系统结构、功能空间差异的环境驱动因子作为分区指标体系;(2)用生境尺度的水环境、水生生物指标来验证分区结果;(3)尽可能统一定量分析方法,以便为不同流域间分区结果的比较,以及为将来在全国尺度上开展分区工作奠定基础。     

中国鸟类生物地理学研究回顾与展望

本文回顾总结了中国鸟类生物地理学的产生、发展、重要成果和未来的发展趋势。主要论述了以下五个方面:1.中国动物地理学简史及鸟类生物地理学的萌芽;2.鸟类动物地理区划的发展,并重点论述了岛屿鸟类区系调查与生物地理格局、中国台湾岛和海南岛与大陆鸟类区系的联系以及鸟类特有化现象;3.鸟类多样性的格局、形成与维持,并重点归纳了几种重要的科学假说;4.鸟类的谱系生物地理格局、形成原因及影响因素;5.鸟类生物地理学研究的新进展和未来发展趋势,重点阐述谱系生物地理学的发展、"地理格局-适应-基因"的整合分析方法对中国鸟类多样性格局形成机制的深度解析,指出大数据和组学时代是中国乃至世界鸟类生物地理学的发展趋势。     

喀斯特峰丛洼地石漠化治理自然地域分区

峰丛洼地是我国西南地区面积最大的喀斯特地貌类型区,水热资源相对较好,由于其较高的景观异质性,该区面临着石漠化治理投入与分区粗放、治理技术与模式区域针对性不强等问题,亟需开展面向石漠化治理的喀斯特峰丛洼地自然地域分区。基于修正的地质图将峰丛洼地区划分成碎屑岩为主的非喀斯特区和碳酸盐岩为主的喀斯特区,依据气候分异特征将喀斯特区划分为滇东南桂西南西南季风非典型峰丛洼地区和东亚季风典型峰丛洼地区,进一步依据大地貌部位及微地貌特征将东亚季风典型峰丛洼地区细分为黔西南高原面浅碟型锥峰洼地区、黔南桂北大斜坡北部漏斗型锥峰洼地区、桂中大斜坡南部漏斗型锥塔峰洼地区和桂南丘陵浅碟型锥塔峰洼谷区等亚区。分区结果表明各分区自然地域特征鲜明:碎屑岩为主的非喀斯特区坡缓土厚,人口压力相对舒缓;西南季风非典型峰丛洼地区受气候影响显著,地貌形态以常态山为主;桂中大斜坡南部漏斗型锥塔峰洼地区重度、极重度石漠化问题突出,但削减快、治理成效显著;黔西南高原面浅碟型锥峰洼地区人地矛盾最为尖锐,石漠化问题严重;黔南桂北大斜坡北部漏斗型锥峰洼地区石漠化比例相对较低、喀斯特景观资源丰富;桂南丘陵浅碟型锥塔峰洼谷地区水热资源最为充沛、人地关系相对缓和。面向石漠化治理的喀斯特峰丛洼地自然地域分区明确了分区的自然与社会经济条件差异,有助于提升石漠化治理的区域针对性和可持续性。     

Large-scale phytogeographical patterns in East Asia in relation to latitudinal and climatic gradients

Aim This paper aims at determining how different floristic elements (e.g. cosmopolitan, tropical, and temperate) change with latitude and major climate factors, and how latitude affects the floristic relationships between East Asia and the other parts of the world. Location East Asia from the Arctic to tropical regions, an area crossing over 50° of latitudes and covering the eastern part of China, Korea, Japan and the eastern part of Russia. Methods East Asia is divided into forty‐five geographical regions. Based on the similarity of their world‐wide distributional patterns, a total of 2808 indigenous genera of seed plants found in East Asia were grouped into fourteen geographical elements, belonging to three major categories (cosmopolitan, tropical and temperate). The 50°‐long latitudinal gradient of East Asia was divided into five latitudinal zones, each of c. 10°. Phytogeographical relationships of East Asia to latitude and climatic variables were examined based on the forty‐five regional floras. Results Among all geographical and climatic variables considered, latitude showed the strongest relationship to phytogeographical composition. Tropical genera (with pantropical, amphi‐Pacific tropical, palaeotropical, tropical Asia–tropical Australia, tropical Asia–tropical Africa and tropical Asia geographical elements combined) accounted for c. 80% of the total genera at latitude 20°N and for c. 0% at latitude 55–60°N. In contrast, temperate genera (including holarctic, eastern Asia–North America, temperate Eurasia, temperate Asia, Mediterranean, western Asia to central Asia, central Asia and eastern Asia geographical elements) accounted for 15.5% in the southernmost latitude and for 80% at 55–60°N, from where northward the percentage tended to level off. The proportion of cosmopolitan genera increased gradually with latitude from 5% at the southernmost latitude to 21% at 55–60°N, where it levelled off northward. In general, the genera present in a more northerly flora are a subset of the genera present in a more southerly flora. Main conclusions The large‐scale patterns of phytogeography in East Asia are strongly related to latitude, which covaries with several climatic variables such as temperature. Evolutionary processes such as the adaptation of plants to cold climates and current and past land connections are likely responsible for the observed latitudinal patterns.     

基于GIS的三峡库区云阳县生态经济区划

采用自上而下的生态要素宏观分析与自下而上的经济要素微观分析相结合的方法,运用GIS分析手段对复杂的自然生态要素与人类经济活动的时空变化及其相互作用进行分析和表达,以地处三峡库区腹地的典型山地县云阳为例,根据不同区域所表现出来的对生态变化与人类经济社会活动变化的承载力差异,即不同生态经济地域系统的稳定性、干扰能力、承受能力、生产能力和可利用方式的明显差异,进行综合生态经济区划。分区结果的命名体现了生态系统的地域特征和该区域生态经济发展的方向。通过对各生态经济区特征的分析。旨在协调日益激化的人地矛盾,探讨生态经济的发展方向、途径和对策,为三峡库区大尺度生态-经济-社会的可持续发展研究提供经验和样本。     

Global diversity of stoneflies (Plecoptera; Insecta) in freshwater

Plecoptera, or stoneflies, is a small order of hemimetabolous insects: according to our data, more than 3,497 species have been described so far in the world. The total number of species has enormously increased in the last 30 years (2,000 species estimated in 1976) and, if the trend continues, then it will nearly double in the near future. The order is divided into the suborders Arctoperlaria and Antarctoperlaria, and includes 16 families: 12 arctoperlarian and 4 antarctoperlarian. The Arctoperlaria account for a total number of 3,179 species, and Antarctoperlaria, only 318 species. The total number of genera is 286. We give in this article the estimated number of species for each family. The fauna and diversity of stonefly in North America (650 species reported) and Europe (426 species) are best known. Nevertheless, in the last 25 years, a mean of 2.6 Plecoptera species per year were described in Europe. Stonefly-faunas of Australia (191 species, Tasmania included) and New Zealand (104 species) are relatively well-known, while our knowledge of the Plecoptera of Central and South America (95 and 378 species respectively) is poor and still not representative of the real diversity. Africa has a reduced stonefly fauna (126 species). Asian stonefly diversity (approximately 1,527 species) is much greater than that of Europe or North America despite the fact that, except for Japan and Asiatic Russia that have been well studied, our knowledge of the remaining Asiatic areas is extremely poor. Even though our data indicate the Holarctic Region as the diversity hot-spot for the order, the analysis of the specific diversity divided by family suggests also an important role of tropical stoneflies. Guest editors: E.V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers & K. Martens Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment